Railway Structures
Bridges, viaducts, and tunnels are essential to maintain the relatively flat alignments required by railway physics across challenging topography.
Railway Bridges
Railway bridges differ significantly from highway bridges due to the immense dynamic loading and braking forces exerted by heavy trains. Structural deflections (bending) must be tightly controlled so as not to distort the geometry of the tracks fastened above.
Tunnels
Tunnels require specialized lining systems to manage ground pressure and water ingress. Modern railway tunnels must also incorporate complex ventilation for air quality and pressure relief shafts to handle the aerodynamic 'piston effect' generated by trains entering the portal at speed.